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This is a list of countries spanning more than one continent. The definitions of what continent(s) a particular country covers may vary according to which criteria are used (whether purely geography or, on the other hand, political geography, economic geography or cultural region criteria). An example is Russia, which has its historical core as well as most of its population (74%), economic activity and political institutions (such as its Moscow) in Europe, yet geographically most of the territory (77%) is actually in Asia. By most definitions, Russia straddles Eurasia.

Definitions of the continents Islands )

Continents are called so because they are continuous bodies of land. Thus, an island is not strictly part of any continent, but many islands can be associated with one by geographical proximity (or also by historical convention, political ties or similar "human" criteria). For example, Sumatra, Pulau Ujong and Hainan are not literally "in" Asia; nevertheless they are closer to Asia than to any other continent, and also are most closely associated with Asia, so this article will consider them Asiatic islands, and Greece and Indonesia transcontinental countries (likewise for other continents and their adjacent islands). Alternate associations would be defensible in some cases.

Using this definition, the following countries could all be considered transcontinental by virtue of the fact that an integral part of their national territory consists of islands that are situated within the continental shelf of another continent or are otherwise geographically closer to a continent on the mainland of which they have no territory (mainland continent shown below in bold text):



Four countries also include both continental territory and islands in mid-Pacific Ocean; see #Oceania, below. At least four countries also include both continental territory and Antarctic island territories recognized by international law; see #Antarctica, below.

Europe and Asia The nature and boundaries of Europe are as much sociopolitical questions as geographical. Many geologists and geographers agree that Europe and Asia share many common geographical features and they are sometimes referred to as the single continent Eurasia. Europe is nevertheless a distinct geographical entity, mostly a super-peninsula of the mainland of Asia.

The eastern boundary of Europe has been variously defined since antiquity. Herodotus regarded Europe as extending all the way to the Eastern Ocean, and being as long as (and much larger than) Africa and Asia together. The modern world is in consensus that Europe ends at the Aegean Sea, the Black Sea and the Ural Mountains, but the boundaries between these latter two features are uncertain; that leading from the Urals to the Black Sea, for example, has been drawn by different authorities as at the Don River, Russia, the Kuma-Manych Depression, the Caucasus, the Russian frontier or the Rioni River.

Western sources (e.g. the National Geographic Society) usually state that the Europe-Asia boundary follows the water divide of the Ural Mountains from near Kara, Russia on the Kara Sea to the source of the Ural River, then follows that river to the Caspian Sea. The border then follows the watershed of the Caucasus Mountains from the Caspian Sea to the Black Sea.

By this definition, the Ural Mountains are on the border of Europe and Asia, likewise for the Greater Caucasus (although Mount Elbrus, which would be the highest point in Europe, is north of the watershed divide, and as such would be entirely in Europe by this definition). The Lesser Caucasus is located entirely in Asia. Russia and Kazakhstan have both European (western) and Asian (eastern) parts (and Russia even had a North American part, before Alaska was sold to the United States in 1867). The Turkish city Istanbul lies in both Europe and Asia, effectively making it a transcontinental city. Georgia (country) and Azerbaijan both have most of their territory in Asia, although each has small parts of its northern territory in Europe.

Due to Kazakhstan's Central Asian culture and political orientation, it is very rarely regarded as a European country, despite its sizable territory in Europe. Many would argue, as has been the case with the like of Professor Torosyan, Dr. Lewis and M. Shearmen of the Charlton Institute, that Kazakhstan is in fact not a trancontinental country, but rather lies geographically as well as culturally within Asia. Three nations of the South Caucasus, however – Georgia, Azerbaijan and Armenia – have a stronger sociopolitical claim to be European. Of these three, only Georgia and Azerbaijan are generally regarded as having portions of territory in Europe, but Armenia may be regarded as European for cultural and historical reasons. All three, however, are typically excluded from lists of European states.

According to the standard Russian/Soviet definition, the boundary between Europe and Asia runs along the Mugodzhar Hills, then down the Emba River to the Caspian Sea. From the Caspian Sea it runs to the Black Sea along the Kuma-Manych Depression, marked by the rivers of the same name. This definition was in use by Russian geographers since mid-18th century; it was officially recommended for use in textbooks by the Geographical Society of USSR in 1958. It places all of the Caucasus, including countries of Georgia and Azerbaijan and North Caucasian republics of Chechnya and Dagestan, entirely in Asia.

Russia's Vaygach Island and Novaya Zemlya extend northward from the northern end of the Ural Mountains and are a continuation of the chain into the Arctic Ocean. They separate the European Barents Sea and the Asian Kara Sea, and may be considered part of Europe or Asia. The maps on this page show them with Europe, as they are used in the calculations. The Russian Arctic archipelago of Franz Josef Land farther north is also associated with Europe. All of these Arctic islands are part of the European Arkhangelsk Oblast.

Lesser accepted Europe and Asia divisions

Culturally European states Other nations have strong cultural ties with Europe, such as the northern African states of Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Egypt. However, the clear boundary of the Mediterranean Sea excludes these nations geographically. Some in Egypt, Israel, Morocco and Tunisia have shown ambition to become a state of the European Union, but currently full membership is disallowed (Morocco applied to join, but was rejected on Copenhagen criteria#Geographic criteria). Of course, many other countries outside Europe have cultural and historical ties to Europe as a consequence of colonization and human migration.

Politically European states See also Copenhagen criteria#Geographic criteria Europe ends in the west at the Atlantic Ocean, although Iceland and the Azores archipelago (in the Atlantic, between Europe and North America) are usually considered European, as is the Norwegian Svalbard archipelago in the Arctic Ocean. Greenland is geographically associated with North America but politically associated with Europe (as it is still part of Denmark, although EU law no longer applies there). Turkey, despite having only 3% of its land in Europe, has been a member of the Council of Europe since 1949 and an official candidate for membership of the European Union since 2005. Islands geographically associated with one continent sometimes have stronger political and cultural ties to another. For example, Cyprus, an island geographically a part of Asia, was admitted to the Council of Europe in 1961 and joined the EU in 2004. Cape Verde, an island group off the Atlantic coast of Africa, has also shown an interest in joining the EU. Armenia, Georgia (country), and Azerbaijan, also geographically Asian states (although Azerbaijan and Georgia have a part of their land in Europe,) have all joined the Council of Europe.

Africa The natural geographical boundaries of Africa are the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea. The boundary between them has been drawn either up the Gulf of Suez or up the Gulf of Aqaba. On purely geological grounds, the boundary could be drawn along the fault-line into the Jordan River valley (which would make Israel, the Palestinian territories, Lebanon and a small part of Syria part of Africa.)

The usual line today is at the Isthmus of Suez along the path of the Suez Canal. This makes the Sinai Peninsula geographically Asian, and Egypt a transcontinental country. Nevertheless Egypt is commonly referred to as an African state, because most of its population and territory are there. Geopolitically, Egypt is sometimes regarded as an Asian state, and it is usually considered part of the transcontinental geopolitical region of the Middle East.

In historical geography, several of the larger Mediterranean islands have often been more akin to Africa than to Europe or Asia. Ancient Egypt often ruled Cyprus, and sometimes Crete and Rhodes. The Roman Empire grouped Crete with Cyrenaica (in ancient Libya.) The Balearic Islands and half of Sicily were ruled from Carthage.

The Canary Islands and Madeira Islands are off the Atlantic coast of Morocco, and although they are geographically part of Africa, they are under the rule of Spain and Portugal, respectively, and geopolitically part of Europe. Prior to Southwest European colonization, they were fully integrated into Africa.

Mayotte, situated in the Mozambique Channel between Africa and Madagascar (also geographically part of Africa) is under the rule of France, as are Réunion Island east of Madagascar and some scattered islands in the Indian Ocean also associated with Africa. The Seychelles, Mauritius, and Comoros are island nations also associated with Africa.

Africa and Europe The boundaries between Europe and Africa are almost entirely clear-cut and undisputed, since the two continents occupy opposite sides of the Mediterranean Sea, of which the midway areas are mostly devoid of islands. Spain owns the exclaves of Ceuta and Melilla on the African mainland. Sicily forms an extension of Europe into the heart of the Mediterranean, with only Malta, Pantelleria, and the Pelagie Islands falling into question.

Malta is geographically associated with Africa but has geopolitically been considered part of Europe since its Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy#Conquest_of_Sicily.2C_1061.E2.80.931091. It is closer to the African mainland than the Italian mainland and has historically been associated with Africa much longer. The Maltese people speak a North African dialect of Arabic language and are descended from the ancient Libyans, Egyptians, and Phoenicians, as well as the island's Islamic conquerors.

The Italian islands of Pantelleria and the Pelagie Islands are closer to Tunisia on the African continent than Sicily and thus part of Africa. The Portuguese Atlantic island possession of the Azores is slightly closer to Europe than Africa and is associated with Europe.

Africa and South America The boundaries between Africa and South America are clear-cut and undisputed, since the two continents occupy opposite sides of the Atlantic Ocean, of which the midway areas are devoid of islands. While the uninhabited Brazilian island possession of Saint Peter and Paul Rocks is associated with South America, the British island possessions of Ascension Island, Saint Helena, Tristan da Cunha, and Gough Island are associated with Africa.

Americas The border between North America and South America has been drawn variously, generally somewhere along the Isthmus of Panama.

One common demarcation follows the Darien Mountains watershed divide along the Colombia-Panama boundary where the isthmus meets the South American continent. Another reckons the continental divide at the Panama Canal, whereby Panama has territory on either side in both continents. Geopolitically (i.e., not strictly geophysical), Panama is usually included with the other North American countries in Central America. The border between North and South America has also been drawn (infrequently) between Costa Rica and Panama, or at one of several other lines across the Isthmus of Panama.

In other cultures, America is thought of as one continent or supercontinent encompassing the entire landmass between Alaska and Tierra del Fuego. In this way, North, Central and South America are thought of as regions of the greater landmass. Americas is often regarded as a single continent in Latin America, Spain, and Portugal, along with other countries. The Olympic Rings represent the Americas with a single ring.

This collection of lands and regions in the Western hemisphere is referred to as the Americas by the English-speaking world. From a sociopolitical and cultural geography perspective, the Americas are generally divided into Anglo-America (the U.S., Canada, and the anglo-Caribbean countries) where English language prevails) and Latin America (Mexico, most of South America, and some of the Caribbean such as Cuba and Hispaniola; Haiti and the Dominican Republic) where Romance languages generally predominate). Latin America – particularly Hispanic America – is generally considered a transcontinental region straddling two continents, much like the Middle East. Moreover, the Guyanas are sometimes grouped with the Caribbean region along with Belize and Bermuda (a British possession actually 1000 km east of the US mainland, also sometimes grouped with Anglo-America.) It is not uncommon for what is geopolitically considered North America to be limited to the US, Canada, and sometimes Bermuda.

The Galápagos Islands in the eastern Pacific Ocean are a possession of Ecuador and associated with South America. The uninhabited French possession of Clipperton Island 600 miles off the Mexican coast is associated with North America. France also continues to control French Guiana on the northern mainland of South America, as well as Saint-Pierre and Miquelon off the coast of Newfoundland (island) and Martinique, Guadeloupe, Saint-Barthélemy, and Saint Martin (France) in the North American Caribbean. The Netherlands and the United Kingdom are two other European nations that also continue to control islands in the Caribbean, and the Netherlands Antilles are considered split between North and South America.

Europe and North America The boundaries between Europe and North America are mostly clear-cut and undisputed, since the two continents occupy opposite sides of the North Atlantic Ocean, of which the midway areas are devoid of islands, except in the north, where the line comes down to Greenland and Iceland. Iceland and the Azores are protusions of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and are associated with and peopled from Europe. Greenland not only is usually considered geographically North American, most of the Greenlander ancestry is from the Inuit people indigenous to northern North America. The Norwegian Arctic islands of Jan Mayen and Svalbard archipelago are associated with Europe. Although Greenland is the closest land to them, they are much closer to Europe than to the North American mainland.

Asia and North America The Bering Strait and Bering Sea separate the landmasses of Asia and North America, as well as forming the international boundaries between Russia and the United States, respectively. This national and continental boundary separates the Diomede Islands in the Bering Strait, with Big Diomede in Russia and Little Diomede in the US. The Aleutian Islands are an island chain extending westward from the Alaska Peninsula toward Russia's Komandorski Islands and Kamchatka Peninsula, as well as an integral part of the transcontinental American state of Alaska. Most of them are associated with North America, except for the westernmost Near Islands, which are beyond the North Aleutians Basin and on Asia's continental shelf, and allow the US to be considered a transcontinental country without Hawaii and other Oceanian island possessions.

The US therefore is situated in central and northwestern North America, northeastern Asia, and Oceania. St. Lawrence Island in the northern Bering Sea belongs to Alaska and may be associated with either continent, as may the Rat Islands in the Aleutian chain. The western Aleutian Islands belong to the transcontinental Aleutians West Census Area, Alaska. St. Lawrence Island belongs to the Nome Census Area, Alaska, which is also transcontinental if the island is associated with Asia.

Asia and Oceania Indonesia is a multi-island, transcontinental state belonging both to Asia and to Oceania. The geological and zoological border follows the Wallace line. Alternatively it may be divided according to the Melanesia definition – accounting for human language, genetics, history and crafts – placing more territory in Asia (shown by the line labelled M on the map.)

Indonesia is today more commonly referred to as one of the Asia#SouthEast Asia countries, and thus simply Asian. East Timor, an independent state that was formerly a territory of Indonesia, is sometimes considered part of Oceania, but is classified by the United Nations as part of the "South-Eastern Asia" block. It is ASEAN Summit#East Timor the Association of Southeast Asian Nations , having been involved as a ASEAN Regional Forum member since independence, and has participated in the Southeast Asian Games since 2003 Southeast Asian Games.

The Wallace line separates Bali, Borneo, and Mindanao on its Asian side from Lombok, Sulawesi, and the Talaud Islands on the Oceanian side, respectively. This boundary leaves all of The Philippines in Asia.

Oceania To English-speaking people, Oceania is not considered to be a continent; however, Australia by itself is usually considered one. By such a definition, neither the annexation of Hawaii by the United States in 1898 nor its admission as the 50th American state in 1959 in and of itself made the U.S. a transcontinental nation, although it was transcontinental by virtue of its possession of the Asian islands of the Philippines and western Aleutian Islands.

If Oceania were considered a continent, rather than the part of the Earth furthest from any of them, the following countries might be considered transcontinental, as occupying land in both Oceanian islands and a continent:



Australia The Commonwealth of Australia consists not only of its namesake continent and the island state of Tasmania, but also external island possessions in the sub-Antarctic (see Antarctica below) and to the east and northwest of the continent. Of the tropical island territories, Norfolk Island, the Coral Sea Islands, and Lord Howe Island in the Pacific Ocean and the Ashmore and Cartier Islands in the Indian Ocean are in Oceania, while Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (to the west of Sumatra) are associated with Asia. The majority of the ancestry of Australia's Asian island residents is Asian and the majority of them are Muslim or Buddhist. Macquarie Island is part of the transcontinental state of Tasmania and the transcontinental Local Government Areas of Australia of Huon Valley Council, while Lord Howe Island is part of New South Wales and the other external islands are federal territories.

Antarctica Antarctica and its outlying islands have no permanent population. All land south of 60°S latitude is terra nullius and the Antarctic Treaty System holds all claims to such land in abeyance. Although South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands are closer to Antarctica, the inhabited Falkland Islands are closer to South America and the continental boundary separates them from the South Georgia group. These South Atlantic island groups were the object of contention in the Falklands War between the United Kingdom and Argentina, which maintains its irredentism claims on the islands.

The following are sub-Antarctic island territories north of 60° and associated with Antarctica:



If the Prince Edward Islands are considered associated with Antarctica, Cape Town is a transcontinental city and Western Cape is a transcontinental province, since they include the islands.

List of geographically transcontinental states A transcontinental state is a country whose contiguous continental territory or, (in the case of an island state, its different islands) lie in two (or more) different continents, or which has nearby outlying islands associated with a continent other than where it is based. Non-contiguous parts of countries are not considered (i.e. distant integral parts, extraterritorial possessions, dependencies and the like – examples include Bermuda, French Guiana, Greenland, and Hawaii,) although they may still be considered portions of transcontinental countries. This list includes the countries meeting that definition and presents tables showing the calculated area and population of each country on each continent.

Methodology of calculation There are two main methods for non-scientific calculation of parts of the territorial area: The total area and population of countries is well known from various sources, so when there is data for the part of the country on one continent - then the percentages of the other part (on the other continent) can be easily calculated by subtraction.

Countries in both Asia and Europe See #Europe and Asia section of this article for more details about the geographical border between Europe and Asia. See also Copenhagen criteria#Geographic criteria.

Map colours: Geographical Europe is coloured green. The Asian territory of states that lie both in Europe and Asia are coloured light pink. Dark-pink are coloured states that lie entirely on the Asian continent, but are considered European because of cultural and historical reasons. Azerbaijan's exclave of Nakhchivan is also coloured dark-pink because it is not a continuous extension of Azerbaijan's territory.

Statistics

{]| 131,990| 6,030| 4.57| 125,960| 95.43|-| Russia]| 86,530| 78,645| 90.89| 7,885| 9.11|-| Georgia (country)| 69,700| 65,080| 93.37| 4,620| 6.63|-| Kazakhstan]| 769,604| 745,972| 96.93| 23,632| 3.07|-|}Countries are sorted according to percentage of European area.Sources: Turkey: Turkish Statistical Institute (land area) Other countries: World Gazetteer, Statistics of administrative units, towns and cities For methodologies of calculation see below.

{| border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=4 style="text-align: center; border: 1px gray solid; border-collapse: collapse; background-color:#f9f9f9"|- bgcolor=#f9f9f9| State || Total Population || Population in Asia || Population in Asia% of total || Population in Europe || Population in Europe% of total|-| Greece]| 143,780,000| 37,742,857| 26.25| 106,037,143| 73.75|-| Turkey]| 7,953,400| 7,505,300| 94.37| 448,100| 5.63|-| Kazakhstan]| 4,690,000| 4,652,480| 99.2| 37,520| 0.8|-|}Countries are sorted according to percentage of European population.Sources: Turkey: Turkish Statistical Institute Kazakhstan: BRIF Central Asia Other countries: World Gazetteer, Statistics of administrative units, towns and cities For methodologies of calculation see below.

Greece Mainland Greece and most of its islands are associated with Europe, but the Dodecanese Prefecture of the transcontinental South Aegean Periphery and most of the transcontinental North Aegean Periphery are associated with Asia. The intercontinental boundary mostly follows prefecture and periphery boundaries, but the numbers (particularly the population) in each continent of the North Aegean Periphery's transcontinental Lesbos Prefecture can only be approximated. The Lesbos Prefecture consists of the Asian Lesbos Island and the European Lemnos and Saint Eustratius (Island) islands. North Aegean's other two prefectures are entirely in Asia. The Cyclades Prefecture of the South Aegean Periphery is entirely in Europe.



Russia Russian regions' borders follow the Ural Mountains and Ural River closely enough. The deviations of the borders are such that if one mainly European region has a small part of its territory in Asia, then another mainly Asian region has a small part of its territory in Europe. Such cases are rare and nearly compensate one another, so for such a rough calculation we can claim high accuracy. There is also a very small area (less than 300 km²) of Russian territory south of the main Caucasus Mountains watershed in Asia. This is also a small deviation and it does not seriously affect the calculation accuracy. Orenburg on the Ural River is a transcontinental city.

Azerbaijan The northeastern Azerbaijan district borders run mostly along the main Caucasus Mountains watershed. Five districts are entirely within Europe, and the transcontinental Khizi district is almost equally divided on the two sides of the watershed, so area calculation is easily made.

Georgia Georgia's regional borders cross the main Caucasus Mountains watershed perpendicularly in the east-central region of the country, though some of its subdivisional lines follow it. (A newer map is needed that is showing South Ossetia correctly and not divided between other regions - mostly the former Tsinkvalli region.) Georgia's three transcontinental regions are Shida Kartli, Mtskheta-Mtianeti, and Kakheti.

The Java district, Georgia of Shida Kartli is transcontinental (mostly in Europe) and the region's other four districts are entirely within Asia. The Kazbegi and Dusheti districts of Mtskheta-Mtianeti are transcontinental, with the Khevi subdivision of Kazbegi and the Khevsureti subdivision of Dusheti being entirely in Europe and the Mtiuleti subdivision of Kazbegi being transcontinental, and the region's other three districts are entirely within Asia. The Akhmeta district of Kakheti is transcontinental, with its Tusheti subdivision in Europe, and the region's other seven districts are entirely within Asia.

The area is calculated with the subdivision numbers where available and by the rectangle method where necessary. The population is calculated using the inhabitants/km² of Azerbaijan's European territory (because it is in the same region and is somewhat accurate.)

Kazakhstan Kazakhstan's provincial borders don't follow the Ural River, although some of its western district borders do so. Two of the provinces are transcontinental, Atyrau Province and West Kazakhstan Province. The capital of the former, Atyrau, is split by the mouth of the Ural and is a transcontinental city. Almost all of it is in Asia with a small portion in Europe. Two of Atyrau Province's districts are entirely in Europe, three of its districts are entirely in Asia, and its Inderskiy and Makhambetskiy districts are transcontinental. Five of West Kazakhstan's districts and the province's capital city of Oral, Kazakhstan are entirely in Europe, five of its districts are entirely in Asia, and its Akzhaikskiy district is transcontinental.



Turkey Three of Turkey's provinces are entirely in Europe while Çanakkale Province and Istanbul Province are transcontinental provinces. Three of Çanakkale's districts are entirely in Europe and its other nine districts are entirely in Asia. 19 of Istanbul's districts are entirely in Europe and its other 12 districts are entirely in Asia. The accuracy of both land area and population percentages is the highest possible.

Countries in both Asia and Africa See Geography of Africa and Asia pages for more details about the geographical border between Africa and Asia.



The border between the two continents is considered to go along the Isthmus of Suez and the Suez Canal in Egypt. The border continues through the Gulf of Suez, Red Sea and Gulf of Aden. International arbitration of the Hanish islands crisis in 1998 split control of the Hanish Islands in the Red Sea between Yemen and Eritrea along this border.

Statistics

{]| 1,001,450| 937,894| 93.65| 63,556| 6.35|-| Yemen]| 74,718,797| 73,340,638| 98.16| 1,378,159| 1.84|-| Yemen| 20,975,000| 44,260| 0.21| 20,930,740| 99.79|}Countries are sorted according to percentage of African population.Sources: World Gazetteer, Statistics of administrative units, towns and cities Yemen: Also the MOPD-EU Socotra Development Masterplan For methodologies of calculation see below.

Egypt Three of Egypt's governorates lie entirely in Asia and two are transcontinental. Ismailia Governorate is nearly equally divided by the Suez Canal and Suez Governorate, which is coterminous with the transcontinental city of Suez, has a small portion east of the Suez Canal.

Yemen Although mainland Yemen is in the southern Arabian Peninsula and thus part of Asia, and its Hanish Islands and Perim in the Red Sea are associated with Asia, Yemen controls the archipelago of Socotra, which lies east of the horn of Somalia and is much closer to Africa than Asia. Socotra and the mainland city of Aden constitute the transcontinental 'Adan Governorate, so the Socotra archipelago constitutes a portion of a political subdivision that can only be approximated.



Countries in both Asia and Oceania See Wallace Line and the Oceania and Asia pages for more details about the grouping of the islands between Oceania and Asia.

A traditional geographical definition to determine which island should be included with Oceania and which with Asia is to use the Wallace line, although it is less favoured contemporarily and within Asia itself, where the zoogeographical boundary is less known.

Although Australia controls the inhabited Asian Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, they are too far from the Australian continent to include in the charts below and consider the nation a transcontinental state.

Statistics

{]| 15,007| 0| 0| 15,007| 100|-| Indonesia]| 1,019,252| 0| 0| 1,019,252| 100|-| Indonesia| 238,452,952| 208,176,381| 87.3| 28,159,300| 12.7|}Countries are sorted according to percentage of Oceanian population.Source: World Gazetteer, Statistics of administrative units, towns and cities For methodologies of calculation see below.

East Timor Geographically and culturally, East Timor is entirely within Oceania, so the accuracy of both area and population percentages is the highest possible.

Indonesia

This is a list of countries spanning more than one continent. The definitions of what continent(s) a particular country covers may vary according to which criteria are used (whether purely geography or, on the other hand, political geography, economic geography or cultural region criteria). An example is Russia, which has its historical core as well as most of its population (74%), economic activity and political institutions (such as its Moscow) in Europe, yet geographically most of the territory (77%) is actually in Asia. By most definitions, Russia straddles Eurasia.

Definitions of the continents Islands )

Continents are called so because they are continuous bodies of land. Thus, an island is not strictly part of any continent, but many islands can be associated with one by geographical proximity (or also by historical convention, political ties or similar "human" criteria). For example, Sumatra, Pulau Ujong and Hainan are not literally "in" Asia; nevertheless they are closer to Asia than to any other continent, and also are most closely associated with Asia, so this article will consider them Asiatic islands, and Greece and Indonesia transcontinental countries (likewise for other continents and their adjacent islands). Alternate associations would be defensible in some cases.

Using this definition, the following countries could all be considered transcontinental by virtue of the fact that an integral part of their national territory consists of islands that are situated within the continental shelf of another continent or are otherwise geographically closer to a continent on the mainland of which they have no territory (mainland continent shown below in bold text):



Four countries also include both continental territory and islands in mid-Pacific Ocean; see #Oceania, below. At least four countries also include both continental territory and Antarctic island territories recognized by international law; see #Antarctica, below.

Europe and Asia The nature and boundaries of Europe are as much sociopolitical questions as geographical. Many geologists and geographers agree that Europe and Asia share many common geographical features and they are sometimes referred to as the single continent Eurasia. Europe is nevertheless a distinct geographical entity, mostly a super-peninsula of the mainland of Asia.

The eastern boundary of Europe has been variously defined since antiquity. Herodotus regarded Europe as extending all the way to the Eastern Ocean, and being as long as (and much larger than) Africa and Asia together. The modern world is in consensus that Europe ends at the Aegean Sea, the Black Sea and the Ural Mountains, but the boundaries between these latter two features are uncertain; that leading from the Urals to the Black Sea, for example, has been drawn by different authorities as at the Don River, Russia, the Kuma-Manych Depression, the Caucasus, the Russian frontier or the Rioni River.

Western sources (e.g. the National Geographic Society) usually state that the Europe-Asia boundary follows the water divide of the Ural Mountains from near Kara, Russia on the Kara Sea to the source of the Ural River, then follows that river to the Caspian Sea. The border then follows the watershed of the Caucasus Mountains from the Caspian Sea to the Black Sea.

By this definition, the Ural Mountains are on the border of Europe and Asia, likewise for the Greater Caucasus (although Mount Elbrus, which would be the highest point in Europe, is north of the watershed divide, and as such would be entirely in Europe by this definition). The Lesser Caucasus is located entirely in Asia. Russia and Kazakhstan have both European (western) and Asian (eastern) parts (and Russia even had a North American part, before Alaska was sold to the United States in 1867). The Turkish city Istanbul lies in both Europe and Asia, effectively making it a transcontinental city. Georgia (country) and Azerbaijan both have most of their territory in Asia, although each has small parts of its northern territory in Europe.

Due to Kazakhstan's Central Asian culture and political orientation, it is very rarely regarded as a European country, despite its sizable territory in Europe. Many would argue, as has been the case with the like of Professor Torosyan, Dr. Lewis and M. Shearmen of the Charlton Institute, that Kazakhstan is in fact not a trancontinental country, but rather lies geographically as well as culturally within Asia. Three nations of the South Caucasus, however – Georgia, Azerbaijan and Armenia – have a stronger sociopolitical claim to be European. Of these three, only Georgia and Azerbaijan are generally regarded as having portions of territory in Europe, but Armenia may be regarded as European for cultural and historical reasons. All three, however, are typically excluded from lists of European states.

According to the standard Russian/Soviet definition, the boundary between Europe and Asia runs along the Mugodzhar Hills, then down the Emba River to the Caspian Sea. From the Caspian Sea it runs to the Black Sea along the Kuma-Manych Depression, marked by the rivers of the same name. This definition was in use by Russian geographers since mid-18th century; it was officially recommended for use in textbooks by the Geographical Society of USSR in 1958. It places all of the Caucasus, including countries of Georgia and Azerbaijan and North Caucasian republics of Chechnya and Dagestan, entirely in Asia.

Russia's Vaygach Island and Novaya Zemlya extend northward from the northern end of the Ural Mountains and are a continuation of the chain into the Arctic Ocean. They separate the European Barents Sea and the Asian Kara Sea, and may be considered part of Europe or Asia. The maps on this page show them with Europe, as they are used in the calculations. The Russian Arctic archipelago of Franz Josef Land farther north is also associated with Europe. All of these Arctic islands are part of the European Arkhangelsk Oblast.

Lesser accepted Europe and Asia divisions

Culturally European states Other nations have strong cultural ties with Europe, such as the northern African states of Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Egypt. However, the clear boundary of the Mediterranean Sea excludes these nations geographically. Some in Egypt, Israel, Morocco and Tunisia have shown ambition to become a state of the European Union, but currently full membership is disallowed (Morocco applied to join, but was rejected on Copenhagen criteria#Geographic criteria). Of course, many other countries outside Europe have cultural and historical ties to Europe as a consequence of colonization and human migration.

Politically European states See also Copenhagen criteria#Geographic criteria Europe ends in the west at the Atlantic Ocean, although Iceland and the Azores archipelago (in the Atlantic, between Europe and North America) are usually considered European, as is the Norwegian Svalbard archipelago in the Arctic Ocean. Greenland is geographically associated with North America but politically associated with Europe (as it is still part of Denmark, although EU law no longer applies there). Turkey, despite having only 3% of its land in Europe, has been a member of the Council of Europe since 1949 and an official candidate for membership of the European Union since 2005. Islands geographically associated with one continent sometimes have stronger political and cultural ties to another. For example, Cyprus, an island geographically a part of Asia, was admitted to the Council of Europe in 1961 and joined the EU in 2004. Cape Verde, an island group off the Atlantic coast of Africa, has also shown an interest in joining the EU. Armenia, Georgia (country), and Azerbaijan, also geographically Asian states (although Azerbaijan and Georgia have a part of their land in Europe,) have all joined the Council of Europe.

Africa The natural geographical boundaries of Africa are the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea. The boundary between them has been drawn either up the Gulf of Suez or up the Gulf of Aqaba. On purely geological grounds, the boundary could be drawn along the fault-line into the Jordan River valley (which would make Israel, the Palestinian territories, Lebanon and a small part of Syria part of Africa.)

The usual line today is at the Isthmus of Suez along the path of the Suez Canal. This makes the Sinai Peninsula geographically Asian, and Egypt a transcontinental country. Nevertheless Egypt is commonly referred to as an African state, because most of its population and territory are there. Geopolitically, Egypt is sometimes regarded as an Asian state, and it is usually considered part of the transcontinental geopolitical region of the Middle East.

In historical geography, several of the larger Mediterranean islands have often been more akin to Africa than to Europe or Asia. Ancient Egypt often ruled Cyprus, and sometimes Crete and Rhodes. The Roman Empire grouped Crete with Cyrenaica (in ancient Libya.) The Balearic Islands and half of Sicily were ruled from Carthage.

The Canary Islands and Madeira Islands are off the Atlantic coast of Morocco, and although they are geographically part of Africa, they are under the rule of Spain and Portugal, respectively, and geopolitically part of Europe. Prior to Southwest European colonization, they were fully integrated into Africa.

Mayotte, situated in the Mozambique Channel between Africa and Madagascar (also geographically part of Africa) is under the rule of France, as are Réunion Island east of Madagascar and some scattered islands in the Indian Ocean also associated with Africa. The Seychelles, Mauritius, and Comoros are island nations also associated with Africa.

Africa and Europe The boundaries between Europe and Africa are almost entirely clear-cut and undisputed, since the two continents occupy opposite sides of the Mediterranean Sea, of which the midway areas are mostly devoid of islands. Spain owns the exclaves of Ceuta and Melilla on the African mainland. Sicily forms an extension of Europe into the heart of the Mediterranean, with only Malta, Pantelleria, and the Pelagie Islands falling into question.

Malta is geographically associated with Africa but has geopolitically been considered part of Europe since its Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy#Conquest_of_Sicily.2C_1061.E2.80.931091. It is closer to the African mainland than the Italian mainland and has historically been associated with Africa much longer. The Maltese people speak a North African dialect of Arabic language and are descended from the ancient Libyans, Egyptians, and Phoenicians, as well as the island's Islamic conquerors.

The Italian islands of Pantelleria and the Pelagie Islands are closer to Tunisia on the African continent than Sicily and thus part of Africa. The Portuguese Atlantic island possession of the Azores is slightly closer to Europe than Africa and is associated with Europe.

Africa and South America The boundaries between Africa and South America are clear-cut and undisputed, since the two continents occupy opposite sides of the Atlantic Ocean, of which the midway areas are devoid of islands. While the uninhabited Brazilian island possession of Saint Peter and Paul Rocks is associated with South America, the British island possessions of Ascension Island, Saint Helena, Tristan da Cunha, and Gough Island are associated with Africa.

Americas The border between North America and South America has been drawn variously, generally somewhere along the Isthmus of Panama.

One common demarcation follows the Darien Mountains watershed divide along the Colombia-Panama boundary where the isthmus meets the South American continent. Another reckons the continental divide at the Panama Canal, whereby Panama has territory on either side in both continents. Geopolitically (i.e., not strictly geophysical), Panama is usually included with the other North American countries in Central America. The border between North and South America has also been drawn (infrequently) between Costa Rica and Panama, or at one of several other lines across the Isthmus of Panama.

In other cultures, America is thought of as one continent or supercontinent encompassing the entire landmass between Alaska and Tierra del Fuego. In this way, North, Central and South America are thought of as regions of the greater landmass. Americas is often regarded as a single continent in Latin America, Spain, and Portugal, along with other countries. The Olympic Rings represent the Americas with a single ring.

This collection of lands and regions in the Western hemisphere is referred to as the Americas by the English-speaking world. From a sociopolitical and cultural geography perspective, the Americas are generally divided into Anglo-America (the U.S., Canada, and the anglo-Caribbean countries) where English language prevails) and Latin America (Mexico, most of South America, and some of the Caribbean such as Cuba and Hispaniola; Haiti and the Dominican Republic) where Romance languages generally predominate). Latin America – particularly Hispanic America – is generally considered a transcontinental region straddling two continents, much like the Middle East. Moreover, the Guyanas are sometimes grouped with the Caribbean region along with Belize and Bermuda (a British possession actually 1000 km east of the US mainland, also sometimes grouped with Anglo-America.) It is not uncommon for what is geopolitically considered North America to be limited to the US, Canada, and sometimes Bermuda.

The Galápagos Islands in the eastern Pacific Ocean are a possession of Ecuador and associated with South America. The uninhabited French possession of Clipperton Island 600 miles off the Mexican coast is associated with North America. France also continues to control French Guiana on the northern mainland of South America, as well as Saint-Pierre and Miquelon off the coast of Newfoundland (island) and Martinique, Guadeloupe, Saint-Barthélemy, and Saint Martin (France) in the North American Caribbean. The Netherlands and the United Kingdom are two other European nations that also continue to control islands in the Caribbean, and the Netherlands Antilles are considered split between North and South America.

Europe and North America The boundaries between Europe and North America are mostly clear-cut and undisputed, since the two continents occupy opposite sides of the North Atlantic Ocean, of which the midway areas are devoid of islands, except in the north, where the line comes down to Greenland and Iceland. Iceland and the Azores are protusions of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and are associated with and peopled from Europe. Greenland not only is usually considered geographically North American, most of the Greenlander ancestry is from the Inuit people indigenous to northern North America. The Norwegian Arctic islands of Jan Mayen and Svalbard archipelago are associated with Europe. Although Greenland is the closest land to them, they are much closer to Europe than to the North American mainland.

Asia and North America The Bering Strait and Bering Sea separate the landmasses of Asia and North America, as well as forming the international boundaries between Russia and the United States, respectively. This national and continental boundary separates the Diomede Islands in the Bering Strait, with Big Diomede in Russia and Little Diomede in the US. The Aleutian Islands are an island chain extending westward from the Alaska Peninsula toward Russia's Komandorski Islands and Kamchatka Peninsula, as well as an integral part of the transcontinental American state of Alaska. Most of them are associated with North America, except for the westernmost Near Islands, which are beyond the North Aleutians Basin and on Asia's continental shelf, and allow the US to be considered a transcontinental country without Hawaii and other Oceanian island possessions.

The US therefore is situated in central and northwestern North America, northeastern Asia, and Oceania. St. Lawrence Island in the northern Bering Sea belongs to Alaska and may be associated with either continent, as may the Rat Islands in the Aleutian chain. The western Aleutian Islands belong to the transcontinental Aleutians West Census Area, Alaska. St. Lawrence Island belongs to the Nome Census Area, Alaska, which is also transcontinental if the island is associated with Asia.

Asia and Oceania Indonesia is a multi-island, transcontinental state belonging both to Asia and to Oceania. The geological and zoological border follows the Wallace line. Alternatively it may be divided according to the Melanesia definition – accounting for human language, genetics, history and crafts – placing more territory in Asia (shown by the line labelled M on the map.)

Indonesia is today more commonly referred to as one of the Asia#SouthEast Asia countries, and thus simply Asian. East Timor, an independent state that was formerly a territory of Indonesia, is sometimes considered part of Oceania, but is classified by the United Nations as part of the "South-Eastern Asia" block. It is ASEAN Summit#East Timor the Association of Southeast Asian Nations , having been involved as a ASEAN Regional Forum member since independence, and has participated in the Southeast Asian Games since 2003 Southeast Asian Games.

The Wallace line separates Bali, Borneo, and Mindanao on its Asian side from Lombok, Sulawesi, and the Talaud Islands on the Oceanian side, respectively. This boundary leaves all of The Philippines in Asia.

Oceania To English-speaking people, Oceania is not considered to be a continent; however, Australia by itself is usually considered one. By such a definition, neither the annexation of Hawaii by the United States in 1898 nor its admission as the 50th American state in 1959 in and of itself made the U.S. a transcontinental nation, although it was transcontinental by virtue of its possession of the Asian islands of the Philippines and western Aleutian Islands.

If Oceania were considered a continent, rather than the part of the Earth furthest from any of them, the following countries might be considered transcontinental, as occupying land in both Oceanian islands and a continent:



Australia The Commonwealth of Australia consists not only of its namesake continent and the island state of Tasmania, but also external island possessions in the sub-Antarctic (see Antarctica below) and to the east and northwest of the continent. Of the tropical island territories, Norfolk Island, the Coral Sea Islands, and Lord Howe Island in the Pacific Ocean and the Ashmore and Cartier Islands in the Indian Ocean are in Oceania, while Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (to the west of Sumatra) are associated with Asia. The majority of the ancestry of Australia's Asian island residents is Asian and the majority of them are Muslim or Buddhist. Macquarie Island is part of the transcontinental state of Tasmania and the transcontinental Local Government Areas of Australia of Huon Valley Council, while Lord Howe Island is part of New South Wales and the other external islands are federal territories.

Antarctica Antarctica and its outlying islands have no permanent population. All land south of 60°S latitude is terra nullius and the Antarctic Treaty System holds all claims to such land in abeyance. Although South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands are closer to Antarctica, the inhabited Falkland Islands are closer to South America and the continental boundary separates them from the South Georgia group. These South Atlantic island groups were the object of contention in the Falklands War between the United Kingdom and Argentina, which maintains its irredentism claims on the islands.

The following are sub-Antarctic island territories north of 60° and associated with Antarctica:



If the Prince Edward Islands are considered associated with Antarctica, Cape Town is a transcontinental city and Western Cape is a transcontinental province, since they include the islands.

List of geographically transcontinental states A transcontinental state is a country whose contiguous continental territory or, (in the case of an island state, its different islands) lie in two (or more) different continents, or which has nearby outlying islands associated with a continent other than where it is based. Non-contiguous parts of countries are not considered (i.e. distant integral parts, extraterritorial possessions, dependencies and the like – examples include Bermuda, French Guiana, Greenland, and Hawaii,) although they may still be considered portions of transcontinental countries. This list includes the countries meeting that definition and presents tables showing the calculated area and population of each country on each continent.

Methodology of calculation There are two main methods for non-scientific calculation of parts of the territorial area: The total area and population of countries is well known from various sources, so when there is data for the part of the country on one continent - then the percentages of the other part (on the other continent) can be easily calculated by subtraction.

Countries in both Asia and Europe See #Europe and Asia section of this article for more details about the geographical border between Europe and Asia. See also Copenhagen criteria#Geographic criteria.

Map colours: Geographical Europe is coloured green. The Asian territory of states that lie both in Europe and Asia are coloured light pink. Dark-pink are coloured states that lie entirely on the Asian continent, but are considered European because of cultural and historical reasons. Azerbaijan's exclave of Nakhchivan is also coloured dark-pink because it is not a continuous extension of Azerbaijan's territory.

Statistics

{]| 131,990| 6,030| 4.57| 125,960| 95.43|-| Russia]| 86,530| 78,645| 90.89| 7,885| 9.11|-| Georgia (country)| 69,700| 65,080| 93.37| 4,620| 6.63|-| Kazakhstan]| 769,604| 745,972| 96.93| 23,632| 3.07|-|}Countries are sorted according to percentage of European area.Sources: Turkey: Turkish Statistical Institute (land area) Other countries: World Gazetteer, Statistics of administrative units, towns and cities For methodologies of calculation see below.

{| border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=4 style="text-align: center; border: 1px gray solid; border-collapse: collapse; background-color:#f9f9f9"|- bgcolor=#f9f9f9| State || Total Population || Population in Asia || Population in Asia% of total || Population in Europe || Population in Europe% of total|-| Greece]| 143,780,000| 37,742,857| 26.25| 106,037,143| 73.75|-| Turkey]| 7,953,400| 7,505,300| 94.37| 448,100| 5.63|-| Kazakhstan]| 4,690,000| 4,652,480| 99.2| 37,520| 0.8|-|}Countries are sorted according to percentage of European population.Sources: Turkey: Turkish Statistical Institute Kazakhstan: BRIF Central Asia Other countries: World Gazetteer, Statistics of administrative units, towns and cities For methodologies of calculation see below.

Greece Mainland Greece and most of its islands are associated with Europe, but the Dodecanese Prefecture of the transcontinental South Aegean Periphery and most of the transcontinental North Aegean Periphery are associated with Asia. The intercontinental boundary mostly follows prefecture and periphery boundaries, but the numbers (particularly the population) in each continent of the North Aegean Periphery's transcontinental Lesbos Prefecture can only be approximated. The Lesbos Prefecture consists of the Asian Lesbos Island and the European Lemnos and Saint Eustratius (Island) islands. North Aegean's other two prefectures are entirely in Asia. The Cyclades Prefecture of the South Aegean Periphery is entirely in Europe.



Russia Russian regions' borders follow the Ural Mountains and Ural River closely enough. The deviations of the borders are such that if one mainly European region has a small part of its territory in Asia, then another mainly Asian region has a small part of its territory in Europe. Such cases are rare and nearly compensate one another, so for such a rough calculation we can claim high accuracy. There is also a very small area (less than 300 km²) of Russian territory south of the main Caucasus Mountains watershed in Asia. This is also a small deviation and it does not seriously affect the calculation accuracy. Orenburg on the Ural River is a transcontinental city.

Azerbaijan The northeastern Azerbaijan district borders run mostly along the main Caucasus Mountains watershed. Five districts are entirely within Europe, and the transcontinental Khizi district is almost equally divided on the two sides of the watershed, so area calculation is easily made.

Georgia Georgia's regional borders cross the main Caucasus Mountains watershed perpendicularly in the east-central region of the country, though some of its subdivisional lines follow it. (A newer map is needed that is showing South Ossetia correctly and not divided between other regions - mostly the former Tsinkvalli region.) Georgia's three transcontinental regions are Shida Kartli, Mtskheta-Mtianeti, and Kakheti.

The Java district, Georgia of Shida Kartli is transcontinental (mostly in Europe) and the region's other four districts are entirely within Asia. The Kazbegi and Dusheti districts of Mtskheta-Mtianeti are transcontinental, with the Khevi subdivision of Kazbegi and the Khevsureti subdivision of Dusheti being entirely in Europe and the Mtiuleti subdivision of Kazbegi being transcontinental, and the region's other three districts are entirely within Asia. The Akhmeta district of Kakheti is transcontinental, with its Tusheti subdivision in Europe, and the region's other seven districts are entirely within Asia.

The area is calculated with the subdivision numbers where available and by the rectangle method where necessary. The population is calculated using the inhabitants/km² of Azerbaijan's European territory (because it is in the same region and is somewhat accurate.)

Kazakhstan Kazakhstan's provincial borders don't follow the Ural River, although some of its western district borders do so. Two of the provinces are transcontinental, Atyrau Province and West Kazakhstan Province. The capital of the former, Atyrau, is split by the mouth of the Ural and is a transcontinental city. Almost all of it is in Asia with a small portion in Europe. Two of Atyrau Province's districts are entirely in Europe, three of its districts are entirely in Asia, and its Inderskiy and Makhambetskiy districts are transcontinental. Five of West Kazakhstan's districts and the province's capital city of Oral, Kazakhstan are entirely in Europe, five of its districts are entirely in Asia, and its Akzhaikskiy district is transcontinental.



Turkey Three of Turkey's provinces are entirely in Europe while Çanakkale Province and Istanbul Province are transcontinental provinces. Three of Çanakkale's districts are entirely in Europe and its other nine districts are entirely in Asia. 19 of Istanbul's districts are entirely in Europe and its other 12 districts are entirely in Asia. The accuracy of both land area and population percentages is the highest possible.

Countries in both Asia and Africa See Geography of Africa and Asia pages for more details about the geographical border between Africa and Asia.



The border between the two continents is considered to go along the Isthmus of Suez and the Suez Canal in Egypt. The border continues through the Gulf of Suez, Red Sea and Gulf of Aden. International arbitration of the Hanish islands crisis in 1998 split control of the Hanish Islands in the Red Sea between Yemen and Eritrea along this border.

Statistics

{]| 1,001,450| 937,894| 93.65| 63,556| 6.35|-| Yemen]| 74,718,797| 73,340,638| 98.16| 1,378,159| 1.84|-| Yemen| 20,975,000| 44,260| 0.21| 20,930,740| 99.79|}Countries are sorted according to percentage of African population.Sources: World Gazetteer, Statistics of administrative units, towns and cities Yemen: Also the MOPD-EU Socotra Development Masterplan For methodologies of calculation see below.

Egypt Three of Egypt's governorates lie entirely in Asia and two are transcontinental. Ismailia Governorate is nearly equally divided by the Suez Canal and Suez Governorate, which is coterminous with the transcontinental city of Suez, has a small portion east of the Suez Canal.

Yemen Although mainland Yemen is in the southern Arabian Peninsula and thus part of Asia, and its Hanish Islands and Perim in the Red Sea are associated with Asia, Yemen controls the archipelago of Socotra, which lies east of the horn of Somalia and is much closer to Africa than Asia. Socotra and the mainland city of Aden constitute the transcontinental 'Adan Governorate, so the Socotra archipelago constitutes a portion of a political subdivision that can only be approximated.



Countries in both Asia and Oceania See Wallace Line and the Oceania and Asia pages for more details about the grouping of the islands between Oceania and Asia.

A traditional geographical definition to determine which island should be included with Oceania and which with Asia is to use the Wallace line, although it is less favoured contemporarily and within Asia itself, where the zoogeographical boundary is less known.

Although Australia controls the inhabited Asian Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, they are too far from the Australian continent to include in the charts below and consider the nation a transcontinental state.

Statistics

{]| 15,007| 0| 0| 15,007| 100|-| Indonesia]| 1,019,252| 0| 0| 1,019,252| 100|-| Indonesia| 238,452,952| 208,176,381| 87.3| 28,159,300| 12.7|}Countries are sorted according to percentage of Oceanian population.Source: World Gazetteer, Statistics of administrative units, towns and cities For methodologies of calculation see below.

East Timor Geographically and culturally, East Timor is entirely within Oceania, so the accuracy of both area and population percentages is the highest possible.

Indonesia

 

Transcontinental Nation



 
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